Takeaways from the course:

• Heart failure is becoming more prevalent and carries a poor prognosis, independent of ejection fraction.
• There are no proven treatments to improve outcomes in HFpEF – spironolactone and sacubitril/valsartan may be options for refractory patients
• For HFrEF patients who remain symptomatic despite evidence-based therapies (including ACEi/ARB, BB, MRA)